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Videophone

descriptive names and terminology
See also: List of video telecommunications services and brands
new trend modern units such as the model of 1535, Nortel IP have migrated away from POTS to ISDN lines to stop high-speed broadband and VoIP services
The name of Videoconferencing is not as standardized as their earlier counterparts, the phone, resulting in a variety of names and terms used in the whole world, even in the same region or country. Videophones are also known as video telephones (telephones or video) and often by a common name beginning "Picturephone" which was the first commercial video produced in volume. The compound name "videoconferencing" gradually came into common use usually after 1950, despite video phone "probably entered the lexicon as soon after the" Video "was invented 1935.
videoconferencing (Or "video call"), video conferencing differ in what they hope to serve individuals and not groups. But this distinction is increasingly blurred with technological improvements, as greater bandwidth and sophisticated software that customers can allow multiple parties in a call. In Integrate the use of the term video conferencing is now often used VideoCall rather than point to point calls between two units. Both video calls and video conferencing are now commonly called the video link "A".
Popular Webcams are relatively inexpensive devices that can deliver live video through streaming audio and personal computers, and can be used with software many customers for video calls.
A videoconferencing system is generally higher than the cost of a videophone and displays a greater capacity. Videoconference (Also known as videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live video simultaneously in both directions and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by using a multipoint control unit (and a centralized distribution system management calls), or a similar non-centralized multipoint capability incorporated into each unit of the videoconference. Once again, technological improvements have circumvented the traditional definitions by allowing multiple video conferencing by web applications. A separate article page is dedicated to the videoconference.
A telepresence system is a videoconferencing system and premium service usually employed by the company in the business office. TelePresence conference rooms with state of the drawings decorating the room, video cameras, screens, sound systems and processors, along with the high bandwidth transmission capacity very high.
Typical applications of various technologies described above videocalling include video conference or a one-on-one, one-to-many or many to many bases for personal, commercial, educational, Tele-Relay deaf and tele-medicine, using diagnostic and rehabilitation services. The new services using videocalling and videoconferencing, and video call Personal to detainees in prisons and videoconferencing to solve engineering problems airline maintenance facilities are being established or changes permanently.
Other names for "videoconferencing" that have been used in English are: Videophone (the UK equivalent of AT & T Telecom Picturephone) and videoconferencing, a French translation common which has also crept into the limited use of English, and more than twenty less common names and expressions. Latin translations of "video" in other languages are vidophone (French) bildtelefon (German), videophone (Italian), and two videfono videotelfono (Spanish), both beeldtelefoon and videofoon (Countries Netherlands), and videophones (Catalan).
Beginning
Fiction becomes reality: a combination imaginary television early videophone, conceptualized by George du Maurier, published in 1878. Note the use of tubes called modern times by the father in the foreground and daughter in the screen display.
Just two years later the phone was patented in the United States, a concept at the beginning of a video phone / Widescreen TV show called Telephonoscope was conceptualized in popular magazines of the time. Has also been mentioned in various science fiction works such as The twenty-first Oros: Electrical life (El Siglo 20: The electrical life) and other works written by Albert Robida, and has also been described in different cartoons of George du Maurier as a fictional invention Thomas Edision. A sketch and was released December 9, 1878 in the magazine Punch.
The term is also used Telectroscope in 1878 by the French writer and publisher Louis Figuier popularize an invention misinterpreted as something real and incorrectly attributed to Alexander Graham Bell. Written under the pseudonym "electrician", his This article argues that an "eminent scientist" had invented a device object or people around the world "…. could be seen by anyone anywhere. The device, among other things, allow merchants to transmit collections of images of their products to their customers, and the contents of the museum available scholars in distant cities. In the time before the advent of broadcasting, electricity "see" the devices were seen as complementary to the phone, creating the concept of a videophone.
In April 1891, Alexander Graham Bell actually keep notes of the concept of an electric radio that discussed the possibility "…. electricity using devices that image components of tellurium, selenium, employees. Bell next to predict the following: "… the day will come when man on the phone would be able to see the person who was speaking distance. "
The compound name "videoconferencing" gradually became general use in 1950, a good video phone "probably entered the lexicon after the previous video was invented in 1935. Before that time there seemed no normal conditions Video Phone, "with visual expressions of radio as a" system of TV sound, and about 20 other (In English) is used to describe the marriage of telegraph, telephone, television technology and the radio used in the first experiences.
A precursor Videoconferencing technology has been developed by the machine teleostereograph AT & T Bell Labs in the 1920s, which was a forerunner of today's fax (fax) the machines. In 1927, AT & T has created the first electro-mechanical videophone that operates at 18 frames per second, occupying half a room full of boxes of equipment. An early test of the U.S. in 1927 have had their time, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover addressing an audience in New York to Washington, DC, but the audio is in both directions, the video was the one-way New York is able to see Hoover.
First video of public telephony services
The first video Telephone service was developed by Dr. Georg Schubert and opened by the German Reich in 1936 with eight screens square inches (20 cm), but soon closed in 1940 by the Second World War. [Edit] In this trial service, telephone lines, video links to Berlin to Nuremberg, Munich and Hamburg with integrated terminals in public telephone booths and pass the same resolution as the first series of German television, 440 lines. [Edit] The service was offered to the public in general, who had visited video special stand-office in their respective cities, but at the same time, also had political connotations and propaganda Nazi-like broadcast the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.
The postal service Deutsche Bundespost later develop and deploy its telephony network BIGFON video 1981 1988, serving major German cities.
AT & T Picturephone
Three views of AT & T has increased
Mod II Picturephone 1969
for personal use or office
AT & T Picturephone (Mod. II) completely enclosed in its housing, with the control pad down
View Right side, housing removed, one of the circuit boards exposed
A view of the rear Picturephone circuit presentation
In OT & T in the U.S. has conducted extensive research and development of videophones, leading to public demonstrations of their branded products and service Picturephone in the decade 1960, including the Exhibition of 1964 in the New York World. Demonstration units generally used in small boxes oval pivot to stand on a table. Like AT & T units were also present Picturephone Telephone Association of Canada Pavilion (the "bell" Pavilion) at Expo '67, an international fair in the world, held in Montreal, Canada in 1967. Demonstration units are available at these fairs for the public to test fans only allows them to make videophone calls to volunteer beneficiaries elsewhere.
The United States would not see his first video payphone until 1964, when AT & T has installed its first videoconferencing unit of trade, the Picturephone Mod I, public payphones in three cities: New York Washington, DC and Chicago. Picturephone booths were set up in Grand Central Station New York and elsewhere. With great fanfare, have also been installed in the offices Picturephone Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, and other progressive companies. However, the use of slots for the reserve and the initial cost of U.S. $ 16 three minutes of a call to the public kiosks very limited use to the point they were suspended 1968.
Unrelated difficulties at New York Telephone also has slowed efforts AT & T, and few customers entered the service in each city. A CNN report of the September 6, 2001 Picturephone said the service had a total of only 500 subscribers at its peak, and the service disappeared in the 1970s. [Edit] AT & T original Mod I and Mod update programs Picturephone II for investigation primarily Bell Labs, has lasted 15 years and consumed 500 million U.S. dollars, which could meet with business failure. AT & T concluded that videoconferencing is an early concept in search of a "market and stopped its Picturephone service in late 1970. The research and development programs run by Bell Labs have been very remarkable because beyond the state of the art on the results produced in materials science, advanced telecommunications, microelectronics and information technology.
Color: AT & T Picturephone has not been used with earlier models. These units Picturephone Plumbicon full of cameras and small CRT display in their homes. The cameras were located at the top of their screens to help users see the same eye. Visit this section for more information on technology Picturephone. Later generation screens were larger than in the initial demonstration units, about six inches (15 cm) square in a closet or less cubic.
AT & T then the sale of its VideoPhone 2500 the general population from 1992 to 1995, with prices starting at $ 1,500 and then declined to $ 1,000, again with very little commercial success.
Other devices date: 19761999
The Lumaphone has developed and marketed by Atari and Mitsubishi 1985. The project was launched by the division Ataritel the Atari video game company in 1983 under the direction of Atari Steve Bristow. Atari later sold his Mitsubishi in 1984. The Lumaphone has been marketed by Mitsubishi Electric America in 1986 Luma LU-1000. As Bell Labs, image transfer your very early 1956, could transmit images every 35 seconds over analog telephone lines, and could also be connected to a TV or a regular monitor to improve teleconferencing. A larger video option is available and attach your checking back LU-500 screen.
Intelligence (1993) is a virtual wireless videophone with still images and video transfers do not live clip
The intellect is a neo-or prototype wireless videophone. It was developed in 1993 by inventor Daniel A. Henderson, with still images and video transfers from non-living. Pioneering system and a device designed to receive video images and data sent from a sender a message center for transmission and display a mobile device like a cell phone.
The intellect is essentially a mobile phone with a screen Large black and white can show still images and video clips downloaded from a remote computer through a wireless transmitter. Transfer protocols Intellect Data pioneer in the design were made later with common camera phones released in early 2000. However, the full integration of mobile phones, digital cameras and wireless infrastructure take a few years to complete. The prototypes were given to the Smithsonian's National American History in 2007.
the general lack of public acceptance
This section is called "general lack of public acceptance" is missing appointments or notes as required. Please Add quotes online helps to protect against copyright violations and inaccuracy. (December 2009)
In early AT & T had Picturephone few users, partly because the service is relatively expensive, about U.S. $ 90 per month in 1974. However, as modern technology has reduced the cost of nominal value (see webcams and UMTS), videophone appellant continued to be used in the margin. This contrasts with many firsts, too views optimistic as video telephony become increasingly common.
One reason may be that today's call is a poor analogue video face-to-face conversation. Mobile users also often look at the video screen and not the camera, causing the eyes to take a look artificial uncomfortable, because the camera is placed usually only away from the screen in almost every videocalling enabled mobile phones.
Another reason may be that people really desire to be less faithful in their communication, as evidenced by the popularity of text chat (ie instant messaging and SMS, which are commonly available in all video-phones enabled mobile chat programs and online).
Although one could argue that for users who would benefit greatly from videoconferencing services (For example, family members who live far away and can have a strong desire, but few opportunities to talk face to face), the costs are still largely prohibitive for mobile video calls: affordable solutions for calls (like Skype Hutchison 3: Cell phones) to cover only a handful of countries such as final 2008.
Current use
The ultimate in downsizing: a mobile video call between Sweden and Singapore made on a Sony-Ericsson K800
The largest deployment video telephony is happening today in mobile phones, almost all mobile phones support UMTS networks can function as videophones with its inner chambers, and are able to do video calls other UMTS wireless networks in the same country or internationally. [Edit] During the second quarter of 2007, more than 131 million users (UMTS video conferencing and potential users to order), in 134 networks in 59 countries. [Edit]
Increasingly used Videophones telemedicine in providing for the elderly and those in remote areas, where the ease and convenience of rapid diagnostic services and medical consultation is clear. In one case cited in 2006: "A nurse led clinic Letham has received positive feedback on the trial of a video link that allowed 60 retirees to be evaluated by doctors, without moving the doctor's office or medical clinic. "Further improvement in telemedicine services has been the development new integrated technologies in special videophones for remote diagnostic services, as the level of blood sugar, blood pressure, the vital signs. These units are capable of transmitting medical data from audio-video and regularly over either standard (POTS) telephone lines or more broadband later.
video telephony has also been deployed in business conference, is also available through the use of videoconferencing rooms for public access. A higher level of video conferencing using advanced telecommunications and high resolution screen is called telepresence.
Today, the principles, if not a videophone mechanisms are used by many users around the world as webcam video call with personal computers with microphones and webcams cheap programs videocalling free web client. Therefore, an activity that has been disappointing as a separate service found a niche as a small element in software products for for other purposes.
A video can also be created using an old computer or some expensive and is dedicated to present itself as a video softphone. [Citation needed] This shows that some users may want to use videophones typical use, but is likely to trade ease of use to reduce costs.
Some have argued that unless Conventional videophones add significant value at low cost, and provided less costly alternatives (such as Web phone) are available, it is unlikely that specific video phones become popular. [Edit]
communication in sign language by videophone
Main article: Video Relay Service a service Telecommunication Device among the deaf, hearing and speech disorders (silence) the individuals to contact hearing people to a different location and remote video interpretation is used when the deaf / hearing impaired / fools are on the same audience rather than its parts
video signal interpreter used RSV / VRI service points
An early manifestation of the capacity on telecommunications to help users of sign language to communicate with each other occurred when AT & T videoconferencing (from brands such as the Picturephone ") was submitted public opinion in 1964, deaf users of New York World's Fair were able to communicate freely with each other between the show and another city. Several organizations have also conducted research on the signing by videoconference.
Videophones are used by those who are deaf, hard of hearing or speech contact sign language, both among themselves and with hearing people. U.S. Federal Communications Commission to compensate the companies to provide "Relay Services Video "for people with deaf, hearing and hearing problems. These people can use a videophone to talk to others through through a sign language interpreter, using a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf party. Several other countries also offer Video Relay Services and remote control of interpretation for the deaf.
Videophones are used to position the translation into sign language interpretation remote video (VRI). The relatively low cost and wide availability of UMTS mobile phones, with features video calling Deaf gave new opportunities for communicate with the same ease as others, some wireless service providers, including the bridges without sign language. [Citation needed]
A deaf or mute using a video relay service to communicate with a hearing person
services sign language interpreters via video interpretation Remote (VRI) or a video relay service (VRS) are useful in the present day where one party is deaf, hard of hearing or speech (silence). In this case, the flow of the interpretation is usually the same primary language, like French Sign Language (LSF) to speak French, Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to speak Spanish, British Sign Language (BSL) of spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL), also of English spoken (from BSL and ASL are completely different), etc. activities require considerable effort by the translator, since sign languages are natural languages other than their own construction and syntax, different phonetic version of the same primary language.
With the interpretation of video, sign language interpreters to work remotely with live video and audio signals, so the interpreter can see some deaf or mute, and converse with the hearing, and vice versa. So such as telephone interpretation, interpretation of video can be used for situations where interpreters are not available on the site. But interpretation of that video can not be used for situations in which all parties are on the phone only. VRI and VRS interpretation requires that all parties have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment allows remote control of the interpreters of the video camera to zoom the camera or point at the party that is the signature.
For more information: Sign Language and the linguistic interpretation
Technology
bandwidth requirements
See also: Broadband Internet access
Videophones have always used a variety of transmission and bandwidth, which can be understood as a transmission rate data. The bottom of the transmission / reception bandwidth, higher data transfer, resulting in a more limited and poor image quality. transfer data and quality of life of the video image are linked, but are also subject to other factors such as data compression techniques. Some employees videophones beginning low rate of data transmission quality resulting video summaries.
bandwidth broadband is often called "high speed, It generally has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit / s (0.256 Mbps) or more is considered broadband Internet so more concise. The International Telecommunication Union International Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendation I.113 has defined broadband as a capacity transmission from 1.5 to 2 Mbit / s. The definition of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission broadband is 768 kbit / s (0.8 Mbit / s).
Today the appropriate video for some purposes becomes possible at lower data rates to the definition of ITU-T broadband at rates of 768 kbit / s, 384 kbit / s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit / s used for videophones with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression protocols. The latest MPEG-4 compression Audio can transmit high quality video at 2 Mbit / s, which is at the lower end of the cable modem and ADSL broadband performance. [Citation needed]
Technology Picturephone
T-100 from Deutsche Telekom See ISDN video conferencing to home offices and small businesses with a lens cap that can be activated as long as necessary ensure privacy
The video bandwidth was 1 MHz Picturephone with a vertical scan rate of 30 Hz horizontal scan lines in the rate of 8 kHz, and about 250 visible scan. [Citation needed] The facilities include a handsfree speakerphone, with a box added to the control of transmission of the image. Each Picturephone line used three pairs of twisted telephone cable usually two pairs for video and one for audio and signaling. cable amplifiers have been within about a mile (1.6 km) of high and six EQ tunable filters. For distances longer than a few kilometers, the signal was digitized 2 MHz and 3 bits per sample DPCM, and transmitted through a medium of T-2. [Citation needed]
The original system used contemporary performance crossbar Picturephone multi-frequency. Lines and trunks of six child, a pair in each direction for video and a pair of two-channel audio. MF address signaling on the par- Audio was supplemented by a surveillance video signals (VSS) in a loop around the Quad of continuous video. More complex protocols were later adopted for conferences. [Citation needed]
To deploy new broadband switches Picturephone crossbar are designed and installed in the offices of the switch 5XB Bell system, which is the most common form relatively modern. [Edit] Hundreds of technicians attended schools to learn to use the cable equalizer and Test Set equipment, and install Picturephone.
AT & T on the market later, the Videophone 2500 and the general public from 1992 to 1995. [Citation needed] It has been limited by telephone line analog connection speed about 19 kilobits per second, the video is 11 200 bps, and with a maximum speed of 10 frames per second, but generally much lower. The 2500 videophone protocols used its own technology. [Citation needed]
Call Setup
Videoconferencing the late 20th century was limited to the H.323 protocol (notably Cisco's SCCP implementation was an exception), but the new video phones often use SIP, which it is often easier to implement in the home network environments. [Citation needed] H.323 is still used, but more often for video conferencing business, while SIP is most commonly used in the use of videophones. A number of methods based call setup protocols such as Skype IM images now offer video. The main open source SIP systems CounterPath Corp., which provides support to British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Sprint, Telmex, AT & T CallVantage, and Communicator Unified Cisco and Verizon. [Citation needed]
Another protocol used by H.324 video phones, which combines system calls and video compression. Videophones working on regular phone lines typically use H.324, but bandwidth is limited by modem to about 33 kbit / s, which limits the video quality and frame rate. A slightly modified version called H.324, 3G-324M defined by 3GPP is also used by some cell phones that allow calls video, usually only for use in UMTS networks. [Citation needed]
There is also the H.320 standard, which specifies the technical requirements for narrowband systems and Visual telephone terminals, typically for videoconferencing, video conferencing services. It has been applied most dedicated circuit network Change-base (point to point) connections bandwidth moderate or high, as through the protocol of the average bandwidth digital ISDN telephone or broadband-line Fractional T1. Modern products based on the H.320 standard, generally also support H.323 standard.
Videophones popular culture
In many science fiction films and television programs that are defined in the future, videophones are used as the primary method of communication. One of the first movies where he used a video phone for Fritz Lang's Metropolis. Other famous examples of videophones include 2001: A Space Odyssey, Space 1999 Star Trek, Total Recall, Blade Runner. In particular, the videophone is a staple, everyday technology The Jetsons futuristic cartoon Hanna Barbera.
In the literature of science fiction, other names used in various ways to include vidphone videophone, videophone and video conferencing.
Videoconference was introduced in the 1944 Warner Bros. cartoon, "Plane Lucas", in which the female spy Hatta Mari uses videoconferencing to communicate with Hitler.
In the cartoon Dangermouse Colombia, where the character regularly communicated with headquarters via videophones in both his home and car.
A device with same functionality that was used by the cartoon character Dick Tracy since 1964. TV called "2-Way Wrist", the fictional detective often uses phone to contact police headquarters.
AT & T VideoPhone 2500 prototypes are visible in the movie Gremlins 2: The New Batch.
In the TV show animated Futurama, the videophone is often used in spacecraft to provide services.
Videophones are sometimes used in the cartoon Pokemon.
A Picturephone "is used in the Simpsons episode" Lisa's Wedding. "
Singer Beyonce Knowles has released a single titled 2008 album Video Phone "I Am … Sasha Fierce"
Popular U.S. TV talk show host Oprah Winfrey in videoconferencing program consists of television on a regular basis since 21 May 2009, with a first episode entitled "Where are you Skype?, As part of a trade agreement with the Internet telecommunications company Skype.
See also
3GP
Camera phone
information appliances
List of video telecommunications services and brands
Phone Multimedia
phone
Mobile VoIP
Smartphone
Teleconference
Telephonoscope
Telepresence
Telepsychiatry
Tele
TokBox
Videoconferencing
Article video telephony parents
Webcam
References
^ Ab definition videophone, Merriam-Webster Online, accessed April 13, 2009
Video http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=video&searchmode=none ab ^] definition, etymology dictionary on-line
^ Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord. Training Manual Remote real-time information technology and asynchronous, Idea Group Inc. (IGI), 2008, pp. 17, ISBN 1599049643, ISBN 9781599049649. Cost Rating: "…. Students had the opportunity to install a webcam in your order (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to see the class in session. "
^ Press Statement: WiredRed craft to launch new generation on-demand videoconferencing A 09 Unified Communications, Unified Communications Web site Expo, accessed 07/08/2009;
^ Lawson, Stephen. Vidyo conference packages to campus, IDG News Service February 16, 2010. Retrieved Computerworld.com Web site, February 18, 2010
^ Jackman, Elizabeth. The new system simplifies the videoconference training for firefighters, Times Peoria, Peoria, AZ, February 19, 2010. Retrieved on February 19, 2010;
^ "A videophone service", New Scientist, November 24, 1966, 440 / 3;
^ Telephonoscope, a caricature of an Internet TV / video Terramedia;
^ George du Maurier (1878) Punch Magazine, December 9, 1878;
^ RW Burns: "Television: A History international distance vision (18,801,920 c), p. 78-84;
^ Louis Figuier, L'anne Scientific and Industrial O Annual Scientific Working Expos, inventions and applications of the Director of Science and Industry in the arts, which attracted public attention in France and abroad. Twenty Unimer Anne (1877) Librairie Hachette, Paris 1878. Reproduced in the history of tlvision. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
^ "The electroscope", The New York Sun March 29, 1877. Reproduced in the history of tlvision.
Carson DN ^ ab. "The evolution of Picturephone Service," Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Laboratories, October 1968, pp.282-291.
Editorial ^ and articles on the possibility of seeing by electricity, the article by Alexander Graham Bell, April 10, 1891, original Beinn recorded in the recorder Bhreagh March 22 1910, March 22, retrieved 04.05.2009 from the Library of Congress: Alexander Graham Bell family papers;
Andberg ^ Ab, Sami (2008) "Videoconferencing in Distance Education, University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science, 05/12/2008, 24/04/2009 Retrieved;
^ "Photos sent by wire successfully for the first time, "New York Times, May 20, 1924;
^ Kennedy, Jr., TR (1930) spoke on images of your view of each other: New Vision, TV Sound system allows people at both ends Telephone …., New York Times, April 13, 1930, pg.137 (subscription)
^ Talk 2-Way TV tested, New York Times, April 10, 1930, pg.25 (subscription)
Washington welcomes ^ ab test: Operator is put through the call on Scientists Watch, The New York Times, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)
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^ Campus Expo Web Lounge, recovered 3/22/2009
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ATARI ^ / MITSUBISHI Photo Telephone – 1985. Digicamhistory.com site. Retrieved on 23/08/2009.
^ Ataritel pages, websites, Atarimuseum.com. Retrieved on 23/08/2009.
^ The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
Ab ^ Nashville, Neo camera phone picture of the intellect to the tsunami, the site ArticleAlley.com, June 12, 2009. Retrieved on 24/08/2009
^ The Office of United States Patent: 7349532
Nashville Neo ^ tsunami camera phones intellect ArticleAlley.com site, June 12, 2009. Retrieved on 24/08/2009
^ Nmah | Prototyping History Museum acquires U.S. wireless Picturephone
^ (2007) National Museum of American History acquired wireless Prototypes Picturephone, National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center site October 24, 2007;
Ab ^ videophone plan could provide "virtual care" for elderly residents in Aberdeen Press and Journal (UK), published Europe Intelligence Wire, November 13, 2006, retrieved 04/14/2009;
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^ H.320 Videoconferencing in the high-end document 6/18/2009.
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Further reading
Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff. In the continued poor demand history phone video, technology forecasting and social change, in March 2004, vol.71, No. 3, pp. 197-216. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1625 (02) 00410-9. Visible through ScienceDirect.com (Subscription).
Bacon, Stevenson, W. "Amazing New Picturephone: one step closer to visiting in person," Popular Science, June 1968, pp. 4647, on Google books.
Videophone Find in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has more pictures videophones
Categories: Aid Technology | Film and Video information technology | Health | Smartphones | Technology in society | Telecommunications Services | Teleconferencing | Video | VideotelephonyHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Related Articles in March 2009 | Articles related to December 2009 About the Author

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Why outsource work to a cartoonist India based

The liberalization of economy in India has resulted in outsourcing of various kinds of work to the country. There are many a cartoonist India based who can provide good work related to cartoon, illustration, caricature, etc.

Cartooning is a great art form. It is highly creative. To become a cartoonist one needs to be good at drawing. The person also needs to possess a great sense of humor. Many a times people have good sense of humor but cannot draw or when they car draw they do not have the ability to make people laugh. The art of cartooning is very popular. A work of cartoon can be seen anywhere, including newspapers, websites, television, animation, cinema, etc.

There are many kinds of cartoon. One form is political cartoon that are published in newspapers that make fun of current events. Then there are simple funny illustrations that are used to make an article interesting in a newspaper. Many times television ads use some cartoon work to make some advertisement effective. Then there is a whole industry of animation where cartoon films are made for use as a television programme or a feature film. The book publishing industry uses the service of cartoonists for illustrating children books.

There is some difference between a cartoon and a caricature. When a funny illustration is drawn to show any situation or a person in a funny way then it is a cartoon. When facial features of a person is highlighted to make him look funny then it is called a caricature. There are many people who can draw cartoon but cannot draw a caricature. Drawing a caricature takes more hard work. To draw a caricature of a person it is needed to first study the facial features of the person. Then notice the prominent features. Then draw the caricature exaggerating the facial features of the person. For example if the person has big nose then make the nose even bigger. If the man has small eyes make it even smaller.

Any foreign company can easily hire the services of a cartoonist India based to get cartoon related work done a reasonable price.

About the Author

Deepak Saxena has written extensively on Cartoonist India and other related subjects. To see more of his articles kindly visit : http://www.cartoonistgautam.com/.

some indian cartoon very funny